International Journal of Law and Public Policy
International Journal of Law and Public Policy (E-ISSN: 3107-6017) is a peer-reviewed, International Journal Published by Melange Publications. The journal aims to publish the high quality original research articles in the field of Law and Public Policy. Also this journal provides a platform for Lawyers, Scholars, Academicians, law students generating a cross current of ideas on emerging matters in law & public policy. Quality Research Papers, Review/Survey Papers, Conference reports are invited. The journal accepts manuscript via through online submissions.
Criminal Law in the Digital Era: Addressing Cybercrime and Emerging Security Threats
The nature and extent of criminal activity have been drastically altered by the quick development of digital technology, leading to the emergence of new security risks and sophisticated types of cybercrime. Data compromises, stolen identity, online scams, e-terrorism, and attacks on vital infrastructure are examples of borderless digital crimes that are posing a growing threat to traditional criminal laws frameworks that were created for bodily and spatial offenses. The field of criminal law is confronted with previously unheard-of opportunities and challenges as technology continues to transform our society. Artificial intelligence (AI) and the spread of electronic crimes have created complicated legal, moral, and practical issues for the justice system across the globe. This study explores the complex effects of AI and electronic crimes on criminal law, looking at how they change established legal paradigms, talking about new legal structures, and looking at the consequences for social norms and individual liberties. This essay aims to shed light on how criminal law is changing in the era of electronic crimes and AI by examining a number of case studies and examining the development of legislation. This study emphasizes the significance of protecting digital environments while maintaining safety, justice, and public confidence in the digital era by updating criminal legislation to reflect technological changes.
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Law and Public Policy
Evaluating Disability Law in Promoting Equal Opportunities and Inclusive Development
Disability law is essential for promoting equality, defending rights, and encouraging people with disabilities to participate in all facets of society. There are still large discrepancies between legal aim and actual results, even in countries with extensive legal structures. The government of Quebec set up a system to track its progress in granting individuals with disabilities the right to equality. A policy titled "Equals in Every Respect: Because Rights Are Meant to Be Exercised" and other legal prescriptions were adopted by the provincial government in 2009 with the goal of greatly boosting social engagement of individuals with impairments. The Quebec Model, also known as the Disabilities Creation Process, is a conceptual reference framework that suggests public servants should be able to recognize environmental barriers and take appropriate action to turn them into facilitator. Acquiring quantitative and qualitative data collection tools and strategies that connect the quality of social engagement for different population segments with or without disabilities to the quality of access to the elements of the social and physical surroundings is a challenge for comprehensive policy-monitoring processes. In order to close the gap between practice and law, the report highlights the necessity of more effective enforcement, better policy coordination, capacity training, and inclusive governance techniques. This study emphasizes the need of bolstering disability law in order to attain equitable and sustained inclusive growth by putting out a thorough framework that incorporates legal, social, and economic aspects. It advances continuous conversations about based on rights strategies and the achievement of equitable opportunity for people with disability.
Election Law and Democratic Integrity: Safeguarding Free and Fair Electoral Processes
Free and fair elections are vital to democratic rule because they are the primary means by which citizens exercise their civil liberties. However, the integrity of democratic procedures is increasingly under threat from societal, judicial, and technological problems. This article examines how election law upholds democratic integrity by ensuring that electoral processes are unbiased, open, and responsible. Using a doctrinal and analytic approach, the article evaluates contemporary election-related legal frameworks, focusing on significant elements such electoral administration, election regulation, voter protection rights, and judicial conflict resolution processes. It highlights significant problems such voter intimidation, election fraud, misinformation, misuse of public funding, and the growing influence of new technologies on elections. The findings demonstrate that while election laws provide a basic foundation for democratic functioning, their effectiveness is undermined by shortcomings in regulatory oversight, enforcement, and adaptability to new problems. The research emphasizes the need for continued legal reforms, greater institutional autonomy, and the integration of technical measures to counter evolving threats to the electoral process. The paper offers a comprehensive framework for enhancing election law that includes measures for openness, robust monitoring systems, and widespread involvement strategies. By strengthening institutional and legal frameworks, this study highlights how important it is to safeguard election processes in order to preserve parliamentary legitimacy and popular trust.
Transforming Public Administration: Digital Governance and Policy Innovation in Decentralized Networks
The quick development of digital technology has drastically changed the public administration scene, requiring creative policy solutions to deal with new governance issues. In particular, traditional notions of power, responsibility, and providing services have been reinterpreted by the emergence of decentralized networks, which are made possible by technologies like blockchain, distributed structures, and peer-to-peer infrastructures. The function of digital governance in promoting policy innovation in decentralized settings is examined in this research. The study investigates how decentralized technology can improve public administration's effectiveness, openness, and citizen participation using a theoretical and analytical framework. It covers important areas like data governance, public service shipment, digital identity administration, and democratic policymaking. The justification is that digital transformation has been shown to facilitate the decentralization of public administration, enhancing overall organizational effectiveness and generating more value for the public. The research explores how digital transformation facilitates the decentralization of public governance, drawing from a systematic review of the literature and fifteen informal interviews with public sector specialists. Because digital transformation increases the effectiveness of local and national governments, citizen participation, citizen autonomy, public trust, and the continuation of public administration, it helps public organizations make the most of decentralized public governance. By providing information on how policymakers might use decentralized networks to spur sustainable policy innovation, it adds to the expanding conversation on electronic governance.
Leveraging Blockchain for Transparent and Trustworthy Public Policy Implementation
Traditional public policy implementation processes have serious shortcomings, which have been brought to light by the growing need for accountability and openness in governance. With its decentralized, unchangeable, and verifiable design, blockchain technology presents a revolutionary solution to problems with incompetence, and lack of confidence in public sector operations. The feasibility of blockchain as an enabler for transparent and reliable public policy implementations is examined in this article. The paper investigates how blockchain might be incorporated into standardized public administration systems to improve data integrity, expedite service delivery, and guarantee real-time transparency of governmental operations using a conceptual and policy analytic approach. To illustrate the real-world effects of blockchain adoption, important application domains like public procurement, welfare shipping, digital identity administration, and record-keeping are examined. Important obstacles are also identified by the study, such as the requirement for institutional preparedness, interoperability issues, scalability constraints, and regulatory ambiguity. The report offers a thorough look at the regulatory environment, highlighting important areas that need policy focus along offering implementation strategies. By summarizing the state of knowledge about governance issues and suggesting policy approaches to close these gaps, the study adds to the body of literature. The study highlights the necessity of balanced governance strategies that foster innovation while guaranteeing responsible adoption throughout supply chain economies as blockchain technology develops.
Public Health Policy and Women’s Health: Addressing Awareness and Care Gaps in PCOS Management
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine conditions that affect women of reproductive age, but public health institutions continue to detect and treat it insufficiently. This study looks at how public health policy can help close important gaps in PCOS understanding, timely detection, and adequate treatment. Despite its extensive effects on metabolic, psychological, and reproductive health, policy interventions have frequently been dispersed and given insufficient priority in national health objectives. With an emphasis on accessibility, diversity, and the efficacy of PCOS-related therapies, the study uses a policy analytic technique to assess current frameworks pertaining to women's health. It draws attention to important obstacles such low public awareness, societal stigma, a lack of standard diagnostic procedures, and insufficient multidisciplinary care coordination. The study's goal is to evaluate the degree of PCOS awareness and the differences in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) between the treatment group and the control group of women between the ages of 18 and 49. The study was similarly designed and measured. The PCOS Learning and Health Management Questionnaire were used in the study. There were 140 respondents in the sample who had their participation evaluated. The two groups experienced quite different physiological and psycho-social outcomes. Because of their own experiences, patients with PCOS typically have a thorough awareness of the disorder. Understanding the risk factor, signs and symptoms, age groups most impacted by PCOS, hormonal changes, and hirsute behavior across all categories is still lacking. About half of the participants showed inadequate health-related knowledge and practices for PCOS. Women who suspect or have been identified with PCOS should see a doctor right away because immediate medical attention can enhance their quality of life. It is crucial to develop and promote efficient methods to improve women's education through active and technological breakthroughs on the internet.
Digital Evidence Integrity: Legal and Technical Standards for Ensuring Admissibility
Modern judicial proceedings have changed to necessitate a thorough awareness of the admissible and court issues in handling digital evidence in today's fast-paced crime landscape. Criminal investigations have changed due to the growing reliance on digital data, including emails, log files, CCTV footage, and cloud-based information. As a result, the admissibility and integrity of digital evidence are critical issues. In order to guarantee that digital proof is trustworthy and admissible in court, this article looks at how legal demands and scientific forensic standards must cooperate. The study examines important legal concepts as they relate to the Indian Evidence Act, the U.S. Federal Regulations of Evidence, along with various worldwide frameworks, such as authenticity, significance, and chain of custody. Based on generally accepted forensic criteria, it simultaneously examines technical processes such bit-stream photography, cryptographic hashing, metadata retention, and secure evidence storage. The study finds ongoing discrepancies between legal requirements and forensic procedures, especially when it comes to the management and recording of digital data, using doctrinal analyses and comparative analysis. It suggests a unified legal-technical framework with standardised collection procedures, required hash verification, improved digital-evidence verification, and tamper-proof storage methods to address these issues. The study comes to the conclusion that aligning legal requirements with strong forensic protections greatly enhances the legitimacy and admittance of digital evidence, bolstering the efficacy and equity of contemporary criminal justice systems.
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Property Rights Vs. Environmental Protection: A Legal Analysis of Sustainable Land Use
In contemporary legal discourse, the connection both property rights and protecting the environment has grown more intricate. Although property rights give people and organisations the power to own, use, and transfer of land, these privileges are not unqualified and must be weighed against the larger social requirement for environmental sustainability. The legal conflicts between the right to private property and the state's obligation to control land usage for ecological preservation are critically examined in this study paper. Using an examination of legislative regulations, constitutional concepts, and decisions by the courts, the paper investigates how environmentally friendly land use might be achieved without excessively intruding upon ownership rights. With a particular focus on Indian legal innovations like the Article 21, Article 48A, the Law of Public Trust, the Precautionary Principle, and significant rulings pertaining to environmental control on land, the study employs a doctrinal methodology backed by case law analysis. Different strategies for striking a balance between ownership rights and ecological obligations are highlighted by comparative observations from other countries, such as the US and the EU. The study comes to the conclusion that the best method to balance conflicting interests is through an integrated legal framework based on environment constitutionalism and sustainable development. It recommends measures to strengthen land-use planning, promote environmental governance, and harmonise property law foundations with ecological imperatives.
E-Commerce and Trade Facilitation: Addressing Legal Barriers and Advancing Harmonization in International Trade Law
The swift growth of e-commerce has altered the dynamics of international trade, leading governments and international organisations to reevaluate established frameworks for trade facilitation. The full potential of digital trade is nevertheless limited by fragmented rules, uneven norms, and unresolved legal ambiguities across jurisdictions, even while it offers prospects for efficiency, profitability, and wider market access. This study addresses the fundamental legal impediments that inhibit seamless cross-border electronic commerce, such as data localisation restrictions, varied protections for customer’s regimes, cybersecurity standards, and the lack of mutual acceptance of digital transactions. It assesses how these barriers impact efforts to facilitate trade under commerce law, specifically in the context of developing digital trade instruments, local trade frameworks, and World Trade Organisation (WTO) accords. The definition, traits, and development tendencies of cross-border e-commerce are first examined in this study. Second, it examines the main legal concerns related to international e-commerce, such as data privacy and security, legal applicability, taxation, intellectual property protection, and consumer rights protection. The study then assesses the shortcomings of the current trade law in dealing with cross-border e-commerce issues, highlighting the gaps in domestic rules and the shortcomings in international cooperation mechanisms. In order to promote the healthy growth of cross-border e-commerce worldwide, the report concludes by outlining a number of solutions, including enhancing international cooperation structures, bolstering legal regulation, and encouraging the protection of intellectual property and consumer rights.
Legal and Technological Safeguards for Digital Elections: A Comprehensive Framework
Election procedures in contemporary democracies have changed dramatically as a result of the quick adoption of digital technology, which present new chances for effectiveness, accessibility, and transparency. To maintain electoral integrity, however, the use of digital voting devices also presents serious ethical, security, and legal issues that need to be resolved. In order to guarantee safe, reliable, and resilient digital elections, this paper offers a thorough framework that combines legislative protections with cutting-edge technology precautions. It describes the essential legal frameworks needed to control digital electoral infrastructure, such as data protection laws, cybercrime statutes, certification requirements, and voter rights safeguards. The framework looks at crucial technology protections such end-to-end encryption, identity systems, blockchain-based verification, intrusion detection, and hazard mitigation methods in addition to these regulatory measures. The study highlights the necessity of comprehensive governance, ongoing system assessment, and open auditing to combat new cyberthreats and bolster public confidence by combining the two domains. The suggested framework offers election officials, technologists, and policymakers an organised method for creating and executing safe digital election ecosystems.
Cyber Warfare and International Law: Emerging Norms and Security Challenges
Cyberwarfare has emerged as a key security issue of the 21st century, changing how international interactions are conducted and revealing serious flaws in the current legal system. Despite the fact that global laws—including the UN Charter, traditional international law, and global human laws—applies to cyber operations, there are significant governance gaps due to unclear thresholds, uneven state behaviour, and ongoing attribution issues. With an emphasis on sovereignty, the ban on the use of force, differentiation, diligence, and state responsibility, this article explores the new standards that aim to control cyberwarfare. The study assesses the real-world application of international laws to cyber operations through two case studies: the contemporary Russia-Ukraine conflict and the 2008 Russo-Georgian War. It also highlights issues with non-state actors, responsibility, and hybrids threats. The study uses an experimental evaluation framework to categorise cyber events and gauge their adherence to legal requirements in order to better examine these dynamics. The results show that existing standards are still disjointed and inadequate to deal with changing cyberthreats. The study comes to the conclusion that developing resilient and adaptable cyber governance architecture requires improved international cooperation, more precise legal standards, and stronger attribution mechanisms.
Legal Dimensions of Water Resource Management: Rights, Responsibilities, and Regulations
As the burden on freshwater systems increases due to population growth, growth in industry, and climate variability, managing water resources has become a more difficult legal and environmental task. By examining the connections between rights, obligations, and regulatory frameworks in various jurisdictions, this study investigates the legal aspects of water governance. The study highlights significant deficiencies in the current legal framework and assesses the efficacy of current regulatory mechanisms using a mixed-method approach that incorporates academic legal evaluations, field-level studies, and stakeholder interviews. The results show that strong regulatory institutions, enforceable obligations, and well-defined water rights greatly improve compliance, lessen conflict, and encourage sustainable water usage. Nonetheless, poor enforcement capabilities, inconsistent legal interpretation, and low general legal awareness persist in undermining governance results. In order to increase institutional responsibility, enhance transparency, and standardize regulatory procedures, the report suggests an integrated legal framework. This framework provides water authorities and policymakers with a thorough manual for creating sustainable and equitable water governance systems that can handle new socio-environmental issues.
Issues Affecting Revenue Performance: Appropriate Residential Taxes given Land Scarcity and Maintenance
Housing taxation has long been a crucial tool for governments to balance fiscal needs, ensure equitable wealth distribution, and regulate the use of limited urban land. This research examines the legal and economic dimensions of optimal housing taxation in contexts where land scarcity and maintenance obligations significantly shape property values and social welfare. By integrating principles of public finance, property law, and urban policy, the study highlights how taxation frameworks can be designed to discourage speculative landholding, promote efficient land use, and incentivize regular housing maintenance. It explores the challenges posed by escalating land scarcity, particularly in densely populated regions, and the legal mechanisms required to address unequal access to housing. Further, it evaluates how maintenance-related regulations and tax incentives can reduce deterioration of housing stock, enhance environmental sustainability, and support long-term urban resilience. The paper argues that a balanced legal framework—combining progressive property taxation, land value capture, and maintenance-based incentives—can contribute to both economic efficiency and social justice. Ultimately, the study proposes a model of housing taxation that recognizes land as a finite resource, ensures accountability in property upkeep, and strengthens the right to adequate housing within a sustainable legal and policy framework.
Assessment of Water Resources Development and Exploitation within the Framework of the Human Right to Water
Recent years have seen an alarming global water problem brought on by population increase, climate change, and the corresponding rise in water demands. The global water situation has become difficult as a result. Water supplies in many countries are insufficient to meet even the most basic human needs. Although the State has historically dominated discussions of international water policy, new human rights instruments have changed the dynamic. One of the most important advancements in international environmental and human rights legislation is the recognition of the right to water as human rights. Despite the fact that water is necessary for life, health, and dignity, millions of people around the world still struggle with its scarcity, contamination, and unequal access. The theoretical underpinnings, legal acknowledgement, and practical difficulties of achieving the right to water are all examined in this essay. Building on agreements like the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 64/292 (2010), it examines how states have a duty to guarantee that water is available, affordable, accessible, and of high quality for everyone. Conflicts over privatization, transboundary water governance, and climate-induced shortages are among the issues raised by the abstract, which also emphasizes the difficulties between water as an ecological resource, economic commodity, and public good. Through an analysis of case law, constitutional provisions, and policy frameworks from various jurisdictions, this paper makes the point that integrating legal guarantees with equitable practices, participatory governance, and sustainable resource management is necessary for the effective implementation of the right to water. Thus, the right to water is not just a legal right but also a fundamental component of environmental justice, sustainable development, and international human rights defense.
Applying a Rational Choice Technique to Assess the Legitimacy and Choice of Law in International Contracts
One of the most important features of private international law is the principle of choice of law in international contracts, which gives parties the ability to choose the legal framework that will apply to their contractual connection. In cross-border transactions, this autonomy fosters efficiency, predictability, and business certainty. It is not absolute, though, as public policy considerations and the forum state's necessary laws frequently limit or supersede party preference. Recent research emphasizes the increasing conflict between preserving national regulatory objectives and upholding party autonomy, especially in fields like electronic commerce, employment contracts, and consumer protection. The Hague Conference of Private International Law recently adopted a new soft-law document known as The Hague Principles on Choice of Law for International Contracts, which is the subject of this article. Only "commercial" relationships—specifically, contracts involving consumers and employment—will be subject to the Principles. Because of this, the Principles take a firmly pro-non-state standards position, which is one example of their liberal approach to party autonomy. If a contract's "commercially" alone would eliminate the unequal negotiating power that distinguishes consumer and employment relationships, then such a liberality would be acceptable, if not suitable. The paper discusses the difficulties presented by new forms of international trade, looks at recent advancements in the theory of party autonomy, and investigates the restrictions placed by laws and overriding mandatory regulations. In the end, the study emphasizes the necessity of more international collaboration and standardization to strike a balance between contractual freedom, justice, and regulatory goals in the globalized economy.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
Parental Rights in Diverse Family Contexts: Recent Advancements in Law
The concept of parental rights has undergone significant transformation in response to the evolving structure of families in contemporary society. Traditional legal frameworks that once prioritized biological and marital ties are increasingly being re-examined to accommodate diverse family contexts, involving single-parent households, same-sex parenting, blended families, adoption, and surrogacy arrangements. Recent legal advancements emphasize the recognition of non-traditional caregivers, the paramount interest of the child, and the protection of children’s rights within pluralistic social structures. This paper investigates the progression of parental rights through statutory reforms, landmark judicial decisions, and international human rights frameworks. It also highlights the challenges posed by cultural, ethical, and jurisdictional variations in defining parenthood, while exploring emerging trends in legal recognition of diverse family forms. Through three important pathways—permissive parenting, authoritarian parenting—avoidance of the child's negative emotions—father self-efficacy, and authoritative parenting—acceptance of the child's negative feelings significantly influenced the mental health issues of children in an indirect manner. A small number of variation in children's mental health issues was explained by our model. The results emphasize the importance of parenting attitudes for clinicians who provide mental health care for children and promote the promotion of father self-efficacy through parenting therapies.
Exploring the Relationship between Law and Medicine via Legal Malpractice and Litigation
Legal malpractice remains a critical area of study at the intersection of law, ethics, and professional responsibility. Research on malpractice provides valuable insights into how lawyers’ duties of competence, diligence, and loyalty are tested in practice, and how failures can generate liability for both individual attorneys and law firms. The article examines issues like informed consent, healthcare privacy laws, medical malpractice, patient rights, and medical professional regulation. This paper seeks to advance knowledge of the legal framework governing medical practice and its effects on patient care by illuminating these intricate legal concerns. By synthesizing these areas, the study highlights that malpractice is not merely an individual failing but also a reflection of evolving professional norms, client expectations, and regulatory frameworks. Insights from malpractice research underscore the need for stronger preventive practices—ranging from clearer client communication and robust documentation to the ethical integration of technology—while also calling for ongoing dialogue between courts, bar associations, and scholars to refine liability standards. Ultimately, examining malpractice claims provides a unique lens through which to understand the challenges facing the legal profession and to propose reforms that enhance accountability, client trust, and the quality of legal services.
The Impact of Using Technology and Intensified Law Enforcement and Firm Innovation
The relationship between law enforcement intensity and firm innovation has gained increasing attention in recent years. Intensified law enforcement—through stricter regulatory oversight, anti-corruption initiatives, and the reinforcement of competition law—reshapes the external business environment and compels firms to adapt their strategies. On the one hand, stronger enforcement reduces opportunistic behavior, limits unfair competition, and creates a level playing field that can encourage firms to invest in research and development (R&D). Economic analysis has also had a significant impact on the legal system and case rulings. For instance, the concept of collective dominance has been gradually developed in terms of the theory of collusion in repeated interactions, the analysis of the factors that determine effective competition has become more sophisticated, the analysis of agreements between firms has become more effect-oriented, and quantitative methods have gained importance. However, the research explores procedural reasons why enforcement has occasionally used economic reasoning in faulty or speculative ways. The article evaluates the Commission's evidence-gathering methodology in the context of the legal and economic literature. It is determined that although the Commission's recent modifications do address the system's primary flaws, they might not yet provide the best possible use of economic theory and evidence in real-world situations. The findings highlight the importance of designing enforcement strategies that safeguard market integrity while fostering an environment conducive to innovation-driven growth.
Prosecution for Dishonour of Cheque – A Critical Analysis
The backlog of dishonor of check cases in India is examined in this study, with a focus on Section 143(3) of the Negotiable Instruments Act of 1881 addresses complaints pertaining to incidents of check dishonor. They must be resolved within sixty days of the petition being filed, per Section 138. They rarely become finalized before three or four years, though, and this has an impact on new investments, business ease, etc. To learn how courts handling Section 138 can imitate the goals and operations of an effective exchange system, the market transaction system is used. Almost every transaction, including repaying loans, salary payments, bill payments, fee payments, etc., uses checks. Every day, banks process and clear the great majority of checks. The determination of checks is to provide evidence of payment. However, despite the current digital migration, checks continue to be a dependable form of settlement for many people. Despite having a swelling demand for digital transactions, cheques are considered as the most reliable method of payment and the default and dishonor is increasing on a greater scale. It has thus become crucial to know the practical challenges and the matters relating to cheque and the related legal provisions. This paper deals in detail with the dishonour of cheque, reasons, essential ingredients, dishonour of cheques by companies, presumptions, cognizance of the offence, jurisdiction, limitation and punishment for dishonour of cheque.
The Investigating Police and the Respect of the Rule of Law in Pre-Trial Criminal Proceedings: An Observation under Cameroonian and Ukrainian Criminal Law Systems
With careful consideration of current regulatory rules and scientific research on the subject, the study focuses on particulars of judicial oversight during pre-trial investigation. The requirements for implementing judicial oversight during the pre-trial investigation phase have been disclosed by the article's authors. During the pre-trial investigation, the term "judicial control" has been defined. Certain traits of this kind of judicial control have been identified. It has been decided what the goal of court control during pre-trial investigation. Taking into consideration the standards of the existing legislation and scientific study on the subject, the relationship between the functions of judicial control and justice has been determined. Crime commission is an unavoidable singularity in any given and documented society functioning under the umbrella of established rules and regulations. Cameroon and Ukraine have engaged huge steps in establishing credible laws, all in the preservation and protection of fundamental human rights of those presumed of crime commission. This article establishes that, it is the responsibility and role of the investigative police in carrying out investigation and respects the due process of the law in the course of its investigation so that their act should not contravene the right of the suspect or accused in question.
“Privacy is not something that I’m merely entitled to, it’s an absolute prerequisite.” – Marlon Brando Online privacy for individuals is considered a pipe dream. The act of stopping big commercial tech companies along with the government from gathering and disseminating user data online in order to create a surveillance state is known as data protection. When the right to private was proclaimed a basic right by the Supreme Court in the Puttaswamy case, it completely changed the definition of privacy in India. In order to protect people's privacy, India also needed new laws. Srikrishna Committee was established for making of such data protection regulations in the nation and responded with a draft measure called as the Consumer Data Protection measure, 2019, which the Parliament has not yet approved. It is founded on the European rules, which are among the most stringent data privacy legislation globally. The bill gives certain rights such as right to access, verify, ratify, alter, forget, etc.—all of which are crucial in the modern world. This essay gives a summary of the significance and necessity of data protection, the government's actions in this area, official reports on the subject, and considering the relationship between data protection and privacy in light of the Supreme Court's ruling.
“Effective policing relies on the police having the confidence of the communities they serve, and this consultation gives the public an opportunity to contribute to the values and standards they expect of police officers.” - Hazel Blears In a democratic system of administration, the police perform a crucial role. The current circumstance places the police in a difficult position and requires them to do unbiased, truly human tasks. Only in dire situations do people interact with the police. No government agency will have to deal with such animosity as the police do. Regulations and limits on individual acts are part of the police measures, which seem to limit their freedom. Obviously, this leads to contempt. They must win the confidence of the People and this has indeed put in place the concept of community policing; wherein the people started interacting with them without much hesitation and in turn helping them out in crime prevention. This is a welcoming step from the police and this paper tries to discuss the concept of community policing and how it has become an effective strategy towards community building.
Naturally, the first thing that comes to mind when discussing This can be a "New Legal Realism" in contrast to the well-known original movement. Can we also mention that, unlike Karl Llewellyn, we have a website? Our current legal, political, and social climate differs from that of the democratic reformers, the academics who opposed legal formalism, and the few who tried empirical legal study in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Classical realism is essentially misrepresented by Jonathan Kirshner. He wants to bring classical realism back, yet he never gives us an explanation or talks to other scholars who developed the paradigm. Despite advocating for a more complex form of realism, he spends a significant amount of the book talking about modernism and "hyper reasoning." Although he puts Thucydides front and center, his interpretation of him is shallow and unsupportable in light of modern realism clichés. We can hum "ThingsAin’t What They Used to Be" by Duke Ellington after forty years of the Law and Society Association. We are aware of a great deal that was only anecdotally known throughout the 1920s and 1930s by academics. This essay discusses in detail two key elements of this tradition: realism and historicism. It concludes by making the case that returning to some of these earlier legal writers and texts may be a more underlying way to develop a constructive standpoint in the contexts of international law and human rights, as opposed to relying too heavily on Carl Schmitt's politically provocative (and problematic) rhetorical flourishes.
A Study on Position of Governor under Indian Constitution
Understanding the authority and function of governments as outlined in the Indian Constitution is necessary in light of the current active roles performed by state governors. The state's chief executive officer is the governor. According to the Constitution, all executive decisions originate in his name, and he is the sole owner of the state's executive power. State governors in India have been given the same authority and responsibilities as the prime minister in the nation's capital. In light of federalism, this essay aims to examine the governor's role as the state's formal head of state. Using case law as support, the study examines the Governor's legal stance. Since it has been claimed that the Center has abused the governorship by its unjustified usage, the researcher has solely relied on Article 356. The mention of certain cases when there is a first-impression usage of this rule comes next. One could argue that the new rules are robust enough to defend the rights of internet shoppers and encourage the expansion of e-commerce in India. Customers' trust is influenced by regulations controlling the protection of consumer rights in e-commerce, in addition to elements like security, privacy, warranty, customer service, and website information. With a strong legal framework and consumer protection safeguards, expanding e-commerce appears to be a promising future. By clarifying the critical elements influencing customer trust and loyalty and providing an insightful viewpoint on e-consumer protection in the Indian context with wider ramifications, the findings add to the body of knowledge on e-commerce and consumer rights protection.
Conquering Corona: An Examination into Managing the Plight of Migrant Workers in India during the COVID-19 Quarantine and Beyond
During the COVID-19 pandemic, millions of migrant workers were left behind both literally and symbolically when India went into lockdown. Public transportation ceased operating, jobs disappeared overnight, and individuals were forced to walk hundreds of kilometers to get home. This essay closely examines what went wrong and why. It examines how, despite their good intentions, government initiatives frequently failed to consider the realities that low-income households and daily wage earners faced. The response proved to be reactive and dispersed since there was no adequate mechanism in place for monitoring or assisting migrant workers. According to the report, the issue grew worse due in large part to antiquated legislation, a dearth of trustworthy data, and inadequate communication. It also emphasizes how certain local initiatives handled matters more effectively, and how those might be used as a template in the future. To put it briefly, we contend that India requires more robust and inclusive policies that safeguard its most vulnerable citizens on a daily basis, not only during calamities.
A Comparative Study of Trademark in U.S.A, U.K & India
Among the most grooming and mushrooming Economic escalation trade practices has become almost vital part not only to the confined territory but its beyond. Trade practices in the world carries its Trademark (TM) for recognition and establish the core brand value in the world of markets. If it could anyway violate or infringed by the disguised parties it might become difficult to trace out. So therefore, world had certain striction since Henry III to the present modern world. Worlds through convention and treaties landed to broader schemes and guidelines under such conventions just to protect those practices. In this research paper basically encompasses over the different convention and treaties under the IPR regime especially minute focus on Trademarks and its elaborate dimension not only in US and Europe but also in India.
The significance of administrative law is that it not a codified law but Judge-made law. It is an important branch of Public law and the powers of the administrative authorities have been increasing. The main reason could be the rapid increase in the disputes between the individual and the State. It not only spells out the powers of the administrative authorities but also their liabilities. On one side there has been increase in number of legislations (Acts) enacted and on the other side, the volumes of delegated legislations are also increasing. We are witnessing the creation or evolution of special Tribunals and the faster disposal of cases through such tribunals have proven the significance of administrative law and its wider dimensions. With this backdrop, this paper tries to bring out the significance of understanding the fundamentals of administrative law. ‘Administrative law is the most outstanding development of the 20th century’. -Vanderbilt;
Numerous facets of trademark protection in the context of biotechnology inventions are becoming hotly debated topics both domestically and globally. The issue that is of pressing importance at hand is: Whether Micro-organisms can be granted protection under Patent? The legal frame work in many countries with regards to patenting of micro-organisms is that the micro-organisms are not specifically excluded from patentability, however, in many circumstances micro-organisms are excluded from grant of patent protection on the ground that it is “in opposition to established natural rules. Therefore, the main goal of this work is to comprehend and investigate the legality of microorganisms and the significance of doing so. This work also makes a comparison for a better understanding of the topic.
Deductive and Inductive Method of Research – A Comparative Analysis
“The goal of research is to perceive what others have seen and to think what no one else has thought, according to Nobel Prize-winning Hungarian biochemist Albert Szent-Gyorgyi”. Research has become an integral part in all areas of human activity. Understanding research and its related tools and techniques are very much essential and crucial in Legal researches. Fascinated by the interest in researching laws, the author tries to specifically discuss on the inductive and the deductive methods of research and also draws inferences based on the available data, while studying the practical usage of the same in bring out law reforms.
A Review on Protection of Geographical Indications
All of these innovations fall under the purview of intellectual property as they are primarily the product of human brain. Geographical indications are among these attributes. Some products have special qualities that come from the place where they are made, like reputations and quality. Therefore, as the name implies, a geographical indicator (GI) is a designation of a geographic area that has a unique flavor or character that can be traced back to its source. The rural economy may benefit from both the short-term financial gain and the long-term advantages that come with GI products' increased market share and attention. GI produces a number of ancillary industries, including gastronomy, traveling, and expanding a brand. Therefore, there is a need to understand and appreciate the GI tags and the relating legal protection. Parallely, there is also the need to propagate the awareness relating to GI and the relevant regional protection.